Arizona Daily Sun from Flagstaff, Arizona • A9

ArizonA DAily Sun Thursday, June 21, 2018 A9 1 RUSSELL CONTRERAS Associated Press Some critics of the forced separation of Latino children from their migrant parents say the practice is unprece- dented. But not the first time the U.S. government has split up families, de- tained children or allowed others to do so. Throughout American history, during times of war and unrest, authorities have cited various reasons and laws to take children away from their parents. Here are some examples: WHITE HOUSE IMMIGraTIOn Painful past of separating families US has split up parents, children throughout history ASSOCIATED PRESS PHOTOS Children at the Weill public school in san Francisco recite the Pledge of allegiance in april 1942.

some of them were evacuees of Japanese ancestry who were housed in War relocation authority centers for the duration of World War II. Japanese internment camps Starting in 1942, when the U.S. was at war with Japan, around 120,000 people of Japanese ancestry were ordered by the U.S. government into prison camps around the country. An estimated 30,000 were children.

The 1999 documentary of the highlighted the trauma children faced while being detained with their grief-stricken parents. Some older children waited to turn 18 so they could volunteer to fight for the U.S. to prove their loyalty despite not wanting to be separated from their parents. Diaries and later interviews show many of those who went into the military did so reluctantly. Kiyoshi K.

Muranaga, whose family was interned at Granada Relocation Center in Colorado, joined the U.S. Army but was killed in Italy. He was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor by President Bill Clinton. Immigration During the Great Depression, local authorities in California and Texas par- ticipated in a mass deportation of Mexi- can immigrants and Mexican Americans whom they blamed for the economic downturn. Between 500,000 and 1 mil- lion Mexican immigrants and Mexican Americans were pushed out of the coun- try during the 1930s repatriation, as the removal is sometimes called.

Some families hid children away from relatives in the U.S. to prevent them from being sent to a foreign country they had never visited, according to Francisco Balderrama, a Chicano studies professor at California State University-Los Ange- les and co-author of of Betrayal: Mexican Repatriation in the Many families felt they were being forced to separate from their children, who were U.S. citizens. many Balder- rama said, saw their parents Poverty During the early 1900s, states sometimes pulled children from poor families and placed them in orphanages. But reformers in the 1920s and 1930s began promoting the idea that children should not be separated from their families, according to the Shadow Of the Poorhouse: A Social History Of Welfare In by Michael B.

Katz. However, local and state authorities still used poverty as a reason to take children away from Native American and black families, National Association of Social Workers CEO Angelo McClain said. Sometimes the ordered separation came over concerns about a mental health. Malcolm in his autobiography recalled welfare workers coming to take him and his siblings away as children from his struggling single mother after their father, an outspoken black preacher, was mysteri- ously murdered. The future civil rights leader lived in various foster homes and board- ing houses.

His mother, without her children, had a breakdown and was sent to a mental institution. Native American boarding schools After the 1890 Wounded Knee Massacre, when the Army slaughtered 150 Lakota men, women and children in the last chapter of long Indian wars, authorities forced Native American families to send their children to government- or church-run boarding schools. The objective, as Carlisle Indian Industrial School founder Capt. Richard H. Pratt put it, was to the Indian in him and save the At 150 or so Indian schools around the country, officials made Native American children cut their hair and outlawed all Native American languages.

They forced children to adopt Christianity and attempted to children by introducing them to white customs and white history. Native American children returned home almost un- recognizable to their parents. Still, some children resisted the boarding school experience by set- ting fires to buildings, running away or taking their own lives. Others continued to speak their native language in secret. Slavery Before abolition, children of black slaves were born into slavery and could be sold by owners at will.

Black women could do little to stop the sale of children and often never saw them again after they were sent away. Owners also split apart parents who had no legal rights to prevent their sale. To resist, slave families regularly ran away together but faced harsh physical pun- ishment, even death, if caught by slave hunters. Last week, both White House press secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders and Attorney Jeff Sessions cited the Bible in defending the policy of forced separa- tion of Latino migrant children. Sessions referenced Romans 13, which urges read- ers obey the laws of the government because God has ordained them for the purpose of The same passage was cited before the Civil War to justify slavery, to allow slave hunters to return runaway slaves to their owners and to pull slave children away from mothers.

Ignacio Pina, sitting in his Bakersfield, home in 2004, was 6 when immigration officers came to his Montana home, held his family behind bars for a week, then herded them onto a train bound for Mexico, a country he and his siblings had never seen. RIGHT: The gravesite of herbert Littlehawk, an american Indian student who was taken from his family. Twin Arrows Casino Resort is pleased to welcome back 49 Laughs! A night full of laughs starring: James Junes Adrianne Chalepah Pax Harvey Ernie Tsosie III Chizz Bah SATURDAY, JUNE 23 7PM SHOW $15 General Admission $25 Premium Tickets available at twinarrows.com Must be 21 or over to attend show. Line-up subject to change. With Special Guest LIVE IN THE LOU NGE COUNT RY RO CK CROSSR OAD ST ATION JUNE 2 2 23 NAVAJO BEEF RIBS Served with Coleslaw Fries HOOK, LINE WINNER! WIN A FISHING BOAT WITH TRAILER, SUPPLIES CASH! FRIDAY, JUNE 29 7PM $1499 Minutes East of Flagstaff Gambling Problem? Call 1.800.NEXTSTEP.